7503 - System Voltage Control

This third course in the Transmission System Operation training program develops the principles of voltage control on the transmission network. The material builds upon discussions of power flow fundamentals and transmission line characteristics from the two previous courses. We begin by describing the system's need for reactive power (VARs) and how VARs are generated and/or absorbed by the various components of the power system. Next it is demonstrated that the flow of VARs has a profound effect on voltage level (much more so than the flow of Watts). Transmission line MW loading and its effect on VAR requirements and voltage are also examined, as well as the effect of contingencies. Various real-life scenarios are described in which power systems have collapsed from significant off-nominal voltage. Finally, this course discusses a wide array of equipment and methods system operators can use to effectively control transmission voltages to comply with industry Standards. At the completion of this course, you should be able to: Name the two distinct types of power produced at the generators when load is connected, Explain the basic difference in function between Watts and VARs, and why both types of power are necessary to make electrical equipment work, Sketch and compare curves for power in a purely inductive circuit and power in a purely capacitive circuit, Recognize the difference between positive VARs and negative VARs, Name 3 power system components that create a demand for VARs, Name 3 power system components that supply VARs to the system, Describe what it means for some components to 'compensate' for others, Explain how MW and MVARs are produced in an electric generator, Recognize that a change in generator voltage or MVAR supply must come from a change in the unit's DC excitation current, Discuss the function of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), Predict the response of the AVR to an increase or decrease in MVAR demand on the system, Recognize that it takes a difference in voltage magnitude to drive MVARs through the system, and that the direction of MVAR flow is from high to low voltage, Discuss the function of a synchronous condenser and a static VAR compensator, Explain why a transmission line can be either a MVAR source or a MVAR load, Describe the effect of MVAR flow on voltage drop. Compare to the voltage drop resulting from the flow of MW, Name 3 events that can have a profound effect on MVAR flows and voltage level, Explain what happens to the MVARs required by a transmission line as MW loading is increased, State the significance of a line's surge impedance loading (SIL), Understand why it is important to have adequate MVAR sources located at intermediate points in the network, especially during contingencies, Sketch the voltage profile along a transmission line operating above SIL, with voltage at both ends fixed at 100%. Compare with the voltage profile below and at SIL, Explain why MVAR supply from a line's capacitance drops off sharply at loadings above SIL, Name some typical loading levels for transmission lines in percent of SIL, Sketch a typical transfer limit curve (P vs. V) and explain the significance of the knee of the curve, Explain why line loadings must be restricted to well below the knee of the transfer limit curve, State the industry (NERC) limit for percent voltage change following any single contingency, Give examples of system conditions and events that may lead to voltage collapse. Explain why it is important for system operators to prepare in advance for voltage emergencies, Describe how operators can adjust voltage/MVAR supply at the generating units, Understand why AVR set points must be raised/lowered in unison to effect a net change in voltage/MVAR supply, Sketch a typical generator capability curve and discuss the MW and lagging/leading MVAR limitations, Describe the function and operation of Maximum and Minimum Excitation Limiters on generating units, List some power system components that allow operators to adjust voltage/MVAR supply at locations other than generating plants, Discuss the reactive overload capability of generators, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators, Describe some typical applications for shunt reactor and capacitor banks on the transmission system, Explain how a series capacitor can be of assistance in voltage control, Understand the function and operation of Load Tap Changing Transformers (LTCs) in providing voltage correction on the transmission and distribution systems, Discuss the importance of operator actions in implementing voltage control: curtailing economy transfers, bringing on local generation, bringing on reactive sources ahead of the morning load rise, removing lines during light load, etc.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7504 - System Frequency and Tie-Line Control

The fourth course in the Transmission System Operation training program shows how frequency and tie-line flows between control areas are controlled. We begin by developing the concepts of an AC interconnection and synchronizing forces. Frequency deviations come about when unbalances develop between generation and load and these deviations are controlled by the combined action of speed governors and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) aided by the natural change in load as frequency changes. We describe how tie-line flows also change when generation to load imbalances occur. Finally, this course discusses Area Control Error (ACE), the fundamental input to AGC, and how it provides the intelligence required to restore generation to load unbalances. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to: Know what constitutes an AC interconnection, Identify the interconnection within which your facilities are located, Know at what frequency your interconnection operates, Explain why frequency is the same throughout an AC interconnection, Explain the role of transmission lines in maintaining synchronism, Know what causes frequency to deviate from nominal, Tell whether generation or load is changed to control frequency, Know what a speed governor is and what it does, Tell how the size of an interconnection affects frequency deviations, Know what limits are imposed on frequency excursions and why, Know why it is important to control tie-line flow, Know why the type of generating unit affects its speed of response to frequency changes, Explain the relationship between generation rotational speed and frequency, Understand that speed governors act as proportional controls, Describe what is meant by governor droop, Describe the units used for droop, Know that governors work to control both decreasing and increasing frequency, Understand why governor droop permits load sharing between generating units, Tell what are typical droop settings for various types of generating units, Understand why many classes of generating units do not participate in frequency control, Be able to describe the basic characteristics of the example system used, Total capacity, capacity under governor control and total load, Composite droop characteristic, Tell what happens to frequency under governor control only when an 800 MW unit trips off, Describe what is meant by the Load Effect, Describe what is meant by the Frequency Response Characteristic, Beta, Tell what happens to frequency under the influence of Beta when an 800 MW unit trips off, Be able to calculate how much generation is picked up and how much load is lost for a given drop in frequency, Understand why frequency does not drop instantly when a generation/load mismatch occurs, Be able to identify points A, B and C on a frequency chart taken while a generating unit tripped off line, Be able to compute the net tie-line flow following loss of generation within a control area, Understand how AGC assists system operators, Know how frequently AGC application software is run, typically, Be able to describe Area Control Error and how it is calculated, Know what is the Frequency Bias Coefficient, B, and how it relates to Beta, Be able to compute ACE given frequency deviation, net tie deviation and B, Know how to find the frequency stabilization point, Describe functions that AGC can perform other than responding to generation loss, Know why AGC is suspended when large frequency deviations occur.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7513 - Transmission Control

In the late 1990s the electrical power industry is going through a rapid period of change. The opening of the transmission systems to competition among generators and the splitting of vertically integrated utilities have changed the structure of the industry. The widespread blackout in northeastern North America in 1965 provided a great impetus for cooperation among utilities. With the advent of competition this has been replaced by the need for confidentiality. In this course we examine some of the implications for transmission system control brought about by these changes.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7514 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Interconnection Operation

The objective of "System Control" is to bring about an orderly flow of power from the generating source to the load (power consumer) while maintaining the utmost level of safety, reliability and stability throughout the system. This course discusses the requirements and procedures of "System Control" and the relationships of these requirements and procedures to applicable NERC Standards.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS:

CE HOURS = 4.00
OPS TOPICS=4.00
STANDARDS=4.00
SIMULATION=0.00
EO=0.00
"360training.com, Inc. has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by NCEES or RCEP."

7517 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Aspects of System Operations

This module deals with aspects of NERC TOP and VAR Standards of control area transmission, operations, coordination and voltage and reactive control. This module will include information on NERC EOP Standards concerning emergency operations with specific reference to TOP-002 concerning the planning requirements for emergency operations and transmissions operations. , This module emphasizes the importance of reviewing each NERC Standard with the addition that particular attention be given to a review of those NERC Standards covered in each segment of the module.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 4,  

7516 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Generation Control and Performance

This course covers aspects of generation control and performance are discussed throughout the course through the application of relevant NERC Standards pertaining to specific aspects of system control.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 4

7506 - System Security

System Security is the focus of this 6th course in the Transmission System Operation training program. The concept of operating security is developed as the ability of a power system to withstand or limit the adverse effects of any credible contingency, including: overload beyond emergency rating excessive or inadequate voltage, loss of stability, or abnormal frequency deviation. This course begins with a discussion of the nature of large synchronous interconnections, and how AC power flows within such a network. It is demonstrated that, each time a large unit trips in an interconnected system, there is an inrush of power into the affected area that could seriously overload the transmission system. The operator's role of assuring that line loadings remain within pre-established limits is discussed, as well as the concept of transmission line loadability. Line loadability is analyzed from the standpoint of three major limits that can restrict the flow of MW across a given transmission corridor: the thermal limit, the voltage drop limit, and the stability limit. Loading limitations of other transmission equipment is described as well, including cable and transformer loading. This material then proceeds to give an overview of security monitoring in the control room, with the help of SCADA and EMS systems, on-line power flows and contingency analysis, and dynamic security monitoring. Finally, techniques for improving system security are presented, including the role of Security Coordinators, the exchange of security data, loading relief options, preservation of operating reserve, and emergency methods. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to: Explain what is meant by operating security, State and discuss two major reasons why individual companies or areas choose to interconnect their power systems, Name the four North American Interconnections, Describe what is meant by a 'control area', Explain what happens to tie-line flow in the first 10 to 20 seconds following a large unit trip in an interconnection, Understand the effect of a capacity emergency on the security of the interconnection, Discuss the problems that may be associated with loop flow and parallel flow during normal operating conditions, State the three main factors that determine a transmission line's loadability, Give examples of continuous, long-term emergency and short-term emergency thermal ratings for a transmission line, Describe the consequences of operating a transmission line above its emergency thermal rating, Explain how 'on-line', or 'dynamic' thermal ratings are used to increase line loadability, Understand the effect of increased MW loading on the reactive requirements of a transmission line and, consequently, on voltage drop, State applicable industry Standards for maximum permissible voltage drop following credible contingencies, Explain what is meant by the 'steady-state stability limit' across a given transmission path. Give the expression for steady state stability limit in terms of voltage and reactance, Describe the consequences of loss of synchronism on the transmission network, Sketch a typical power angle curve and compare it to the curve that would result if one or more parallel circuits trip, Sketch a typical line loadability curve for transmission lines of different lengths. Explain what the overriding limit is for short lines vs. long lines, Describe the effect of compensation on line loadability, Name other transmission equipment (besides overhead lines) that may be the limiting factor in determining how much power can be transmitted across a given path, Discuss the thermal and charging limitations of high voltage (transmission-level) underground cables, Explain the thermal capability of power transformers, as well as cooling methods that are employed to increase MVA rating, State a typical transformer overload magnitude, duration, and expected loss of life, based on established loading guides for power transformers, Describe how SCADA/EMS systems help operators to continuously monitor the security of the power network, Give examples of software tools (incorporated into an EMS) that alert operators to actual and predicted security problems on the network, Explain what is meant by dynamic security assessment (DSA), Discuss the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and its mission in preserving security in the 4 North American Interconnections, Understand the role of Security Coordinators in the North American Interconnections, List several examples of operating security data that must be provided and updated by each control area every 10 minutes, Give 3 examples of loading relief methods that may be undertaken and supervised by Security Coordinators, Explain how FACTS devices can dynamically control the flow of power over specific transmission circuits, Describe the purpose and operation of a phase angle regulator (PAR), Explain what is meant by 'operating reserve', and state what portion of this reserve must be spinning. List examples of what can be included in 'non-spinning' reserve, Give examples of typical operating reserve practices, Describe 2 emergency measures for dealing with a capacity emergency.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7502 - Power Transmission

The main objective of this course, the second in the series on transmission system operation, is to draw attention to the major features of transmission system equipment, and operation of transmission lines. Particular attention is paid to limitations resulting from the effects of resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the lines. After completion of this course, the participant should understand the following concepts, and be able to apply them in day-to-day work activities: Typical operating voltages for transmission lines and distribution lines, Different types of transmission towers, Conductor material and conductor layout on the towers, Insulators and the importance of conductor spacing, Features and limitations of transmission cables, The application of high voltage DC transmission, The effect of transmission line conductor resistance and inductance, Line voltage drop and power angle as shown by vectors, The effect of line loading on voltage drop and power angle, The effect of load power factor on voltage drop and power angle, The need to generate and provide megavars and megawatts to meet line losses, Charging current required due to the line shunt capacitance, Voltage rise due to line capacitance on an open-ended line, shown by vectors, Production of reactive power by line shunt capacitance, Line reactive compensation equipment, including: reactors, capacitors, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators, The function of transmission stations, and station equipment, Features of different bus arrangements, Types of circuit breaker, The principle of transformer operation, Transformer physical construction, Transformer cooling arrangements, Autotransformers, Instrument transformers.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7508 - System Restoration

The earlier courses in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system when it is operating in its normal state. The previous course extends that knowledge into some of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described. This course extends that discussion to the situation where the system or a part of it collapses and the possibilities for system restoration. At the end of this course you should be able to: List 3 critical parameters to be determined after a major system upset, Describe the importance of communications, List 3 items of circuit breaker status, List 3 events which can cause the breakers to open, Describe how cold weather affects breakers, Suggest alternatives possible if a control center is blacked out, List 3 reasons to sectionalize a blacked out system, List 3 things to be done before intentionally separating from a system that is descending into a blackout, Describe the procedure for reenergizing a blacked out system from a neighboring healthy system, Describe the procedures for connecting generation and load, Describe the requirement for re-establishing direct current connections, Describe how to establish a power source within a blacked out system, Describe how to pick up load and transmission from a power source within a blacked out system, Understand the black start characteristics of different types of power plants. List the minimum requirements for standby power at a fossil steam plant, Explain why nuclear plants are not suitable for black start, Describe the characteristics of heating and lighting loads, Describe the characteristics of motor loads, Describe the characteristics of thermostatically controlled loads, Draw the curve of current vs. time for a reconnected feeder, List 4 ways that the inrush on a re-energized feeder can be reduced, Describe the precautions required when starting synchronous condensers after a blackout, Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to start a synchronous condenser, Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to pick up a block of load, Prioritize feeders for pick-up, List 4 things to be considered when picking up load, Draw a re-energization route map for a part of a system, Describe how lines may trip out again if oscillations occur, List 6 ways of reducing oscillations when rebuilding the system, Describe the precautions necessary when synchronizing islands, Explain how to control frequency when picking up loads, Describe how to prepare a system which will be islanded deliberately, List the limitations of fossil fired steam plants in islanded operation, Describe the operation of nuclear units in an island, Recognize the different perspective of independent power producers, List allowable normal and emergency voltage deviations, Describe how reactors and load current can be used to reduce the voltage rise on transmission lines, Describe why cables have a much greater voltage rise than overhead lines, Describe how parallel and series ferroresonance occurs, Draw typical wave forms of a system experiencing ferroresonance, Explain how a trapped charge can cause high voltage on a transmission line, List 4 communication media which could be used for system control, Estimate how long to wait before starting to pick up lines in the absence of any communications, List 2 tests which can be performed without disrupting customers, Describe how restoration Simulations could be carried out, List 10 training priorities suggested by NERC, List the classes of disturbances which must be reported to the Department of Energy in the United States, Define the 3 disturbance severity levels used by CIGRE, List the 9 initiating causes used by CIGRE, Recognize the importance of gathering post disturbance information.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7501 - Review of Fundamentals

The objective of this course, the first in the series on transmission system operation, is to review relevant fundamentals of electricity to provide a firm foundation on which to build an understanding of the more advanced concepts which will be presented as the program progresses. On completion of this course, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day operation: To provide unbiased control of system operation, The establishment of Independent System Operators (ISOs) or other similar entities, The tasks of the system operations group; controlling the transmission system, Frequency control of the power system through matching of power production and consumer demand plus losses, Load impedance and its effect on current flow through transmission lines, The effect of conductor resistance in a transmission line, i.e. voltage drop and energy loss due to heat dissipation, The effect of line voltage on system energy losses, The difference between power and energy, i.e. watts versus watt-hours, Typical power generator prime movers, Fundamentals of electric power generation, The sine wave and RMS values, Factors that determine frequency of generation, The effect of pure resistance in an AC circuit as shown by sine waves and vector diagrams, The effect of pure inductive reactance and capacitive reactance in an AC circuit, Power generated in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits, The flow of reactive power, positive and/or negative vars, The power triangle and power factor, Combined R, XL, and Xc circuits, The impedance triangle and voltage triangle, Power factor correction, The effect of transmission line inductance on voltage drop, The development of a power angle across a transmission line due to line inductance, Three phase power generation, The application of a common neutral conductor, A balanced three phase load with no neutral conductor, Voltage and current characteristics of the Wye and delta connections, The calculation of three-phase power, Current and voltage relationships between primary and secondary of a Delta/Wye connected transformer.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7518 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Power System Transactions and Coordination

This module stresses information dealing with a number of issues related to the transfer of energy on the power system as well as the background necessary to fully understand interchange schedules that result from transaction tags established by PSEs. , During the latter portions of the course, you will review the provisions of NERC Standard IRO-004 which deals with planning for system operation during both normal and emergency conditions and during system restoration. Finally, you will review NERC's requirements for reliability coordinators as set out in Standard EOP-006.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 0

7505 - Power Dispatching

The objective of this course is to present and discuss the various factors which must be taken into consideration when dispatching generation. Although most of the technical factors will remain after deregulation, it is probable that some aspects of dispatching will change to accommodate the competitive market for generation. This subject will be dealt with later in the program. After completion of this course and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work activities. The function of generation dispatch, i.e. to have sufficient generating capacity on-line at all times to meet the load demand, plus system losses, plus reserve capacity for emergencies make up of the power system, i.e. power pools and interconnected control areas. Major elements of a control area, Preparation of the daily generation schedule based on the load forecast, Spinning reserve requirements, Short term and long term stand-by reserve capacity, Short term and long term availability of generation units, Alternate sources of generation available to the control area, The availability of power for purchase from independent power producers or neighboring utilities, Factors affecting the order of dispatching generators, i.e. cost, location, prime mover characteristics, Characteristics of base load units, Characteristics of variable load machines, Characteristics of peaking units, Characteristics of regulating units (i.e. frequency control), Typical limitations to be observed when bringing generators on-line, Economic dispatch based upon comparison of generation costs from different units. Components of generation cost, i.e. start-up, shutdown, no-load running cost, and incremental cost with load, The dispatch calculation program, Marginal cost at different times of the day, The dispatch of hydropower based on marginal costing (i.e. displacement of high priced thermal power), Hydro dispatch based upon control of water releases, Dispatch of pumped storage power, Economy interchange between neighboring utilities, Spot price for economy power, Inadvertent interchange and arrangements for compensating power flow, The effects of transmission system configuration on generation dispatch, The effect of generation location on system energy losses, The power transfer equation (power angle increases with increased power transfer), Instability due to excessive power angle, Restrictions placed upon generation dispatch due to excessive power angle, Availability of computer programs to assist the load dispatcher.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7512 - Power Dispatch Under Deregulation

The objective of this course is to focus attention on the factors that must be considered when dispatching energy and ancillary services under competitive market conditions. Procedures are indicated for a typical ISO, noting that detailed methodology will vary with different locations.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7510 - Transmission System Protection

The objective of this course is to examine the function of protection schemes from the point of view of the transmission system operator. Details of the major types of protection relays are discussed with the emphasis on function rather than mechanical construction.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7511 - The Effects of Deregulation on System Operation

The objective of this course is to look at the aims of deregulation, and the consequent changes being introduced into transmission system control and operation. Subsequent courses present and discuss specific rules, and procedures required to implement deregulation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7509 - Monitoring and Control Communications

The objective of this course is to look at different modes of communication that are employed in operation of the transmission system. Communication applications are demonstrated with particular emphasis upon the SCADA system as employed for system operation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7507 - Operating Under Abnormal Conditions

The previous courses in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system when it is operating in its normal state. This course extends that knowledge into some of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described. At the end of this course you should be able to: Define the boundaries of normal operation, List events that can move the system into an abnormal condition, List five conditions that describe abnormal conditions, List three characteristics of the emergency state, Draw a diagram showing the interrelation of the different states on the power system, Understand the information shown on a control center dynamic wall map, Describe the interrelation of system operators, regional operators, and plant operators, List seven probable events against which systems are tested to ensure their ability to survive contingencies, List eight events that should be simulated to investigate how the system will behave under abnormal conditions, Recognize the limitations of capacitor banks and generators to supply reactive power when the system voltage is declining, Describe the relation between energy consumption and supply in a small part of a large interconnected system, Understand how interconnections reduce the need for generation reserves. Describe how economy interchanges are made, Recognize how heavy economic interchanges on one interface can restrict the emergency support on other interfaces, List seven strategies to prevent a system in the alert state from dropping into the emergency or blackout state, Describe the use of a phase shifting transformer, Understand the reasons for putting tie-line tripping relays on interconnections and the limitations that they can impose, Describe how a part of the system can lose synchronism with the remainder of the system, Write the equation for the maximum amount of power that can be transferred across a transmission line, Understand why a relay can think that a line is faulted when the voltage vectors across the line are 180 degrees out of phase, Recognize the main parts of a hydro-electric governor, Describe the use of a dashpot bypass on a hydro-electric governor and the problems that can arise if the dashpot is bypassed when it is in an island, Understand the difference between the temporary droop and the permanent droop on a hydro-electric governor, Recognize the limitations imposed on hydro-electric machines by the finite amount of high pressure hydraulic oil, Understand why auxiliary governors are sometimes fitted to steam turbines, Recognize how auxiliary governors destabilize islands where they control the dominant generators, Describe how turbine blade resonances limit the under frequency operation of steam turbines, Explain the difference between under frequency relaying and frequency trend relaying, Recognize the water flow disturbances that can be caused by islanded operation and the restrictions to the operation of islanded hydro-electric plants, Describe why a steam turbine may have a short burst of energy at the start of an island but then have its power output decay, Recognize the need for load-frequency control in areas prone to islanding, List typical maximum and minimum voltages, Describe the Ferranti effect on lightly loaded lines, List six voltage collapse situations, List four causes of voltage collapse, Understand why switching capacitors may not arrest a voltage collapse, List the stages of a voltage collapse, Describe how switched reactors can be used to prevent a voltage collapse, Describe the effect of a geomagnetic storm on transformers, State the return period for geomagnetic storms.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

8019 - Overvoltage Protection

The objective of this module is to look at the causes and effects of excessive overvoltage on the distribution system, with particular emphasis on lightning surges. The features of different types of lightning arrester are presented, including discussion of insulation coordination with relation to insulation withstand voltages and the BIL (Basic Insulation Impulse Level).

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8038 - Abnormal Operating Conditions

The objective of this module is to draw attention to abnormal operating conditions that may arise on the distribution system. The operator is expected to recognize these conditions and take corrective action to enable the system to continue in operation. After completion of this module and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day work activities.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8006 - Overhead Lines

The objective of this module is to demonstrate and discuss the features of overhead distribution systems.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8022 - Distribution Automation

8022 - Distribution Automation

8033 - Metering

Distinction between energy, demand and reactive; Measuring energy (kWh), demand (kW) and reactive (kVAR); Meter connections, 1-phase, and 3-phase; Statutory requirements governing metering; Electromechanical meters; Digital metering techniques; Remote metering and reporting; Time of day metering; Handling billing complaints metering disputes; Potential future developments.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8014 - Voltage Control Devices

The objective of this module is to look at the different methods and equipment that are employed to adjust voltage throughout the distribution system.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8035 - The Effects of Deregulation and Competition

The main objective of this module is to present and discuss the major changes being brought about by deregulation of the electric power business. We look at the effects of deregulation on power generation, transmission, system operation, distribution and marketing.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8032 - Demand Management

System load profile; Economic significance of load factor; Economic significance of power factor; Significance of peak demand; Improving load factor and power factor; Load management incentives; Load management techniques; Interruptible power contracts; Load shedding; Time of day rates.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8023 - Programmable Logic Controllers

This course covers the process logic, logic programs; industrial PLCs, rack mounted; types of memory, RAM, ROM, EPROM; CPU operation, canning time; input and output signals and interfaces; external programming modules; programming functions.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8026 - Rotating Equipment Maintenance

This course covers double testing; electric loss; insulation power factor; partial discharge on-line measurement; Partial Discharge Analysis (PDA); Interpretation of test results.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8013 - Non-fault Interrupting Devices

8013 - Non-fault Interrupting Devices

8016 - Overcurrent Protection

8016 - Overcurrent Protection

8003 - Impedance and Voltage Drop

The objective of this module is to look at complex circuits; that is those with capacitive, inductive and resistive elements connected in series. The impedance triangle, voltage triangle, and power triangle are all developed. Also discussed is the effect of impedance in causing voltage drop and phase angle difference in transmission and distribution lines. A brief review of basic trigonometry is included for those who feel that a refresher would be worthwhile.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8004 - Three Phase Power Systems

The objective of this module is to present the basic principles of three phase power, including the characteristics of Wye and delta connections. The fundamentals of two winding and autotransformers are discussed, including various combinations of three-phase transformer connections. Finally, bearing in mind the special applications of DC in power systems, the characteristics of DC circuits are introduced.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8018 - Coordination of Protection Devices

The objective of this tape is to present the factors which must be considered in 'co-ordination' of protective devices. After study of this video and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day work activities.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8025 - Insulation Testing

8025 - Insulation Testing

8028 - Switchgear Maintenance

Operational data; Functional testing; Internal inspection, cleaning; Electrical test; contact resistance, insulation; Mechanical tests; timing, gas/air leakage; Maintenance of reclosers, pole mounted switches.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8024 - Personnel Safety

8024 - Personnel Safety

8029 - Line Maintenance

Walking the line; Line inspection; poles, guys, pole-top assembly; Conductor inspection; clearances, slack, sag, connections; Equipment inspection; oil leaks, contacts, fuses; Capacitor maintenance; Riser pole maintenance; Distribution transformer maintenance; Grounding connections.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8027 - Transformer Maintenance

Monitoring winding temperatures; Monitoring cooling system; Monitoring insulation oil physical condition; Monitoring insulating oil dissolved gas content; Significance of test results; Examples of DGA; Measuring winding insulation condition; Transformer testing; turns ratio, winding resistance; Maintenance of transformer auxiliaries and attachments.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8002 - Power Factor

Continuing our review of electrical fundamentals, the objective of this module is to demonstrate the effect of inductance, and capacitance in AC circuits, leading to a discussion of power factor and its significance.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8031 - Load Characteristics and Utilization

This course covers types of industrial load; variable speed drives; electric arc furnaces; rolling mills; traction loads (i.e. railways) welding; induction heating; load factor and power factor and diversity factor.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00 EOP=0.00

8015 - Fundamentals of Protection

8015 - Fundamentals of Protection

8021 - SCADA Systems

The objective of this module is to look at the features of a typical SCADA system as employed in operation of a distribution system. After completion of this module and associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day working activities.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8009 - Distributed Generation

The objective of this module is to examine reasons why generating plant is increasingly being connected to the distribution system. Different types of customer owned co-generation plants, and independent power producers are presented and attention is drawn to problems of dispatching and control of this distributed generation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8011 - Distribution Transformers

The objective of this module is to examine the features of distribution transformers. These devices are located in great numbers around the distribution system to provide the points of interface with customers.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8017 - Differential Protection

The objective of this module is to demonstrate the principle of differential protection, and examine its application to protection of such equipment as generators, transformers, buses, and power lines.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8034 - Utility Rate Structure

The purpose of this module is to present and discuss the principal factors which must be taken into consideration when setting rate schedules for different classes of customer. After completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day activities.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8030 - Maintenance Management

Schedule for planned maintenance and inspection; Maintenance and inspection procedures; Recording and reporting results; Trending inspection data, predictive maintenance; Maintenance control program; Spare parts inventory; Issue of work orders; Access to drawings, manuals, and parts lists; Corrective maintenance.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8039 - Dealing with Service Interruptions

Dealing with Service Interruptions, Planned outages and forced outages keeping customer informed; Responding to customer at complaints; Fault location; Dispatch of line repair crews; Implementing clearance procedures; Records and documentation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8036 - Power Quality

The objective of this module is to introduce the subject of power quality and look at the different means of mitigating the effects of poor power quality. The different attributes of power quality are discussed, including both their causes and effects. After completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day activities.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 2, OPS Topics: 2, Standards: 0, Simulation: 0, EO: 0

8037 - Function of the Operator

The objective of this module is to present and discuss the main functions of the distribution system operator, where the system is controlled from a central control room. After completion of this module, the participants should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day work practice.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8012 - Fault Interrupting Devices

The objective of this module is to present the major features of switching devices which have the capability of interrupting high magnitude fault currents, including circuit breakers, reclosers, circuit switchers, and fused disconnects. The need for coordination between the different protective devices is also discussed.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8001 - AC Voltage Generation

This module, the first in the 'Distribution System Training' series, initiates the review of electrical fundamentals that provide the basis for detailed study of equipment and systems in subsequent modules. The objective of this module is to develop an understanding of AC power generation, frequency and characteristics of the sine wave. The effect of pure resistance in an AC circuit is also discussed, including the relationship between voltage, resistance, power and energy.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8010 - Substation Transformers

The objective of this module is to present the main features of operation and construction of distribution substation transformers. Note that the fundamental concepts of the transformer were discussed in module 4 of this series.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8020 - Communication Techniques

8020 - Communication Techniques

8005 - System Layout

The objective of this module is to present and discuss the main features related to distribution system layout, including various means of providing continuity of service and alternative sources of supply.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8007 - Underground Distribution Systems

The objective of this module is to demonstrate and discuss the main features of underground distribution systems, including typical arrangements for rural, suburban and city areas.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

8008 - Substations

The objective of this module is to examine the major functions of distribution substations, including different arrangements of substation layout. Typical bus configurations are presented along with a look at the equipment usually installed in substations.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS Topics=2.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

2108 Motor Protection

The purpose of this course is to familiarize the participant with the features of motor operation and the most common types of protective devices that are installed. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities.

2103 Monitoring System Conditions

The objective of this course is to present concepts which are vital tools in the interpretation of system operating conditions. The participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to day-to-day work activities.

2121 Supervisory Control System Data Acquisition (SCADA)

This course will discuss the application of SCADA systems (EMS, and DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION), and present the main features of modern installations including equipment layout, communications, operations and maintenance.

2112 Testing and Commissioning of Protective Equipment

The objective of this course is to present and discuss the many factors involved in commissioning new power installations, placing particular emphasis on the testing of protective schemes. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their work activities.

2109 Line Protection

The objective of this course is to present the broad categories of line configuration and discuss the various types of protection schemes that are employed. Particular attention is paid to coordination for selective tripping and isolation of faulty circuits. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities.

2102 Protective Relay Types and Applications

This course introduces the student to various applications of protective relays (bus protection, line protection, transformer protection) as well as types of protective relays (instantaneous overcurrent, time overcurrent, undervoltage, electromechanical, digital).

The course uses many images from the power system, including images of transformers, substations, protective relays, and relay panels. In addition, there are multiple videos depicting protective relay and equipment movement, as well as simulations and animations that lead the student through the various application and fault scenarios.

2115 Introduction to Static Relaying

The objective of this course is to introduce and present the major features of static relaying, including analog-type solid-state relays and digital microprocessor relays. At this stage in the program, it is assumed that all participants are thoroughly familiar with the functions and characteristics of the different types of relays. This course focuses upon the differences between solid state and electromechanical relays.

2104 Fault Characteristics

The objective of this course is to discuss the characteristics of different types of faults, and their effects on the power system. Knowledge of this material is vital to understanding the protective schemes that are presented in future courses. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to day-to-day work activities.

2125 Programmable Logic Controllers

This course presents the main features and advantages of PLCs, including hardware arrangements, software (i.e. programming) and typical applications. Extension of the PLC is discussed, noting features of a typical distributed control system.

2116 Coordination of Protection Devices

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

2123 Fault Calculations and Relay Settings

The objective of this course is to present the concepts on which fault calculations are made. Both balanced and non-balanced faults are discussed, including phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults. The use of 'percent impedance' is shown and the use of symmetrical components is discussed.

2124 Testing Techniques

The objective of this course is to draw attention to the many factors that affect the accuracy of testing on protection circuits and equipment. Fundamental testing techniques are presented along with a discussion of the pitfalls to be avoided. A demonstration on the use of the oscilloscope is included. The need for specific safety precautions is also discussed.

2114 Fault Investigation and Analysis

The objective of this course is to demonstrate the various methods that are used to investigate equipment performance during fault conditions. While various types of fault recorders are considered, particular emphasis is placed upon the interpretation of oscillograms.

2117 Power Supply for Protection and Control

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

2107 Bus Protection

The objective of this course is to review the different bus layouts that are used in power systems and to present the different protection schemes that are installed to protect against bus faults. The participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to day-to-day work activities.

2119 Telecommunications Protection I: High Voltage Special Protection (HVSP) Devices

The objective of this course is to draw attention to the high voltage hazards that can occur on telecommunication circuits entering substations and power stations, and to review the protection devices that are used to combat this problem. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day activities.

2105 Generator Protection

This course introduces students to the subject of protective relays as they apply to generation sources in the electric power system. The course includes discussions of various generation schemes, generator grounding issues, backup protection schemes for generators, and the impacts of harmonics on generator protection. In addition, the course details how both electromechanical and digital relays are employed in providing various types of problem/fault detection and protection.

2110 Pilot Protection

The purpose of this course is to familiarize participants with the principles of pilot protection, the various schemes used and the different types of communication channels employed. The participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities.

2120 Telecommunications Protection II: Installation and Configuration

The purpose of this course is to continue the discussion of telecommunications protection. While course 2119 presented protection devices, this course focuses on specific installation practice and typical configurations. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day activities.

2113 Power Line Carriers

This course presents a more detailed examination of power line carrier (PLC) systems. Earlier courses looked at the protection schemes that employ PLC as the communication medium. This course focuses upon the PLC equipment itself.

2111 Protection for System Stability

The purpose of this course is to present protection schemes that are used to assist in maintaining system stability. The concept of steady-state operation and dynamic response is demonstrated with particular reference to the power angle curve. The physical consequences of instability are also discussed. The participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and be able to apply them to their day-to-day work activities.

2122 Inadvertent Trips: Cause and Prevention

The objective of this course is to draw attention to the problem of inadvertent trips and misoperation of protection equipment. Typical case studies are presented, with the conclusions leading to recommended procedures to help reduce inadvertent trips.

2118 Energy Center Operations

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

2106 Transformer Protection

The objective of this course is to review the types of faults that can occur in transformers and to present the different protection schemes that are installed on large and small transformers. Participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities.

2101 Elements of System Protection

This course provides an overview of the function of protection schemes, including general protection philosophy and its impact on the operation of the system. The participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to day-to-day work activities.