7406 - Steam Turbine Construction

The objective of this module is to present the major features of STEAM TURBINE construction, and support systems. Techniques of operation and control equipment are demonstrated and discussed in the next module.

7404 - Boiler Operation

The objective of this module is to present the major features of boiler operation. Start-up, shutdown, and on-load conditions are dealt with, including a discussion on potential hazards and boiler protection devices.

7403 - Fuels and Combustion

The objective of this third module is to present the characteristics of different types of fuel, and look at the factors governing efficient combustion. Various types of burner equipment are demonstrated for burning coal, oil, natural gas, wood, and low-grade fuels such as municipal waste.

7405 - Boiler Control (Operation, Environmental, Chemical)

The objective of this fifth module is to focus attention on the areas of control which are essential for successful boiler operation including; automatic controls, boiler water conditioning, and environmental control.

7402 - Steam Production

The objective of this second module is to look at the concept of steam generation, and to present features of design and construction of boilers (steam generators). Both the water side and gas side of the boiler are dealt with, but the subject of combustion and burner equipment is left to the next tape.

7408 - Power Generation

The objective of this eighth module is to draw attention to important operating parameters of the POWER GENERATOR. A review of fundamentals is included as an aid to understanding the significance of generator control.

7407 - Steam Turbine Operation & Control

The objective of this seventh module is to present and discuss the major features of steam turbine operation, protection and control. Particular attention is paid to the effect of changes in load or steam temperature on mechanical operation of the turbine, and consequent need for supervisory instrumentation and automatic protection devices.

7401 - Co-Generation and other Turbine Cycles

The objective of this module, the first in the series on 'Steam Power and Cogeneration' is to present the different cycle arrangements that are commonly employed in steam turbine power generation installations. Energy concepts and steam fundamentals are also reviewed to improve understanding and provide examples of efficiency calculations. Finally, to prepare the way for the remainder of the module, an introduction is made to the major systems of the steam power plant and their functions.

7409 - Plant Auxiliary Systems

The objective of this module is to present and discuss typical arrangements of plant systems and auxiliary equipment, all of which fulfil a specific function and need in power plant operation.

7410 - Power Plant Maintenance

The objective of this module is to present and discuss the various types of maintenance that must be carried out in a steam power plant.
We also look at documentation, which is required for planning and control of maintenance. Also demonstrated are typical maintenance tasks that are normally
performed on major items of equipment during plant inspection outages and major overhauls.

7411 - Combined Heat and Power Systems

The objective of this module is to present the principles and practice of C.H.P. (Combined Heating and Power) systems. Utilizing heat recovery from different types of prime mover including steam turbines, gas turbines, and diesel engines. In addition to heat recovery equipment, typical district heating distribution systems are also discussed.

7502 - Power Transmission

The main objective of this course, the second in the series on transmission system operation, is to draw attention to the major features of transmission system equipment, and operation of transmission lines. Particular attention is paid to limitations resulting from the effects of resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the lines. After completion of this course, the participant should understand the following concepts, and be able to apply them in day-to-day work activities: Typical operating voltages for transmission lines and distribution lines, Different types of transmission towers, Conductor material and conductor layout on the towers, Insulators and the importance of conductor spacing, Features and limitations of transmission cables, The application of high voltage DC transmission, The effect of transmission line conductor resistance and inductance, Line voltage drop and power angle as shown by vectors, The effect of line loading on voltage drop and power angle, The effect of load power factor on voltage drop and power angle, The need to generate and provide megavars and megawatts to meet line losses, Charging current required due to the line shunt capacitance, Voltage rise due to line capacitance on an open-ended line, shown by vectors, Production of reactive power by line shunt capacitance, Line reactive compensation equipment, including: reactors, capacitors, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators, The function of transmission stations, and station equipment, Features of different bus arrangements, Types of circuit breaker, The principle of transformer operation, Transformer physical construction, Transformer cooling arrangements, Autotransformers, Instrument transformers.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7501 - Review of Fundamentals

The objective of this course, the first in the series on transmission system operation, is to review relevant fundamentals of electricity to provide a firm foundation on which to build an understanding of the more advanced concepts which will be presented as the program progresses. On completion of this course, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day operation: To provide unbiased control of system operation, The establishment of Independent System Operators (ISOs) or other similar entities, The tasks of the system operations group; controlling the transmission system, Frequency control of the power system through matching of power production and consumer demand plus losses, Load impedance and its effect on current flow through transmission lines, The effect of conductor resistance in a transmission line, i.e. voltage drop and energy loss due to heat dissipation, The effect of line voltage on system energy losses, The difference between power and energy, i.e. watts versus watt-hours, Typical power generator prime movers, Fundamentals of electric power generation, The sine wave and RMS values, Factors that determine frequency of generation, The effect of pure resistance in an AC circuit as shown by sine waves and vector diagrams, The effect of pure inductive reactance and capacitive reactance in an AC circuit, Power generated in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits, The flow of reactive power, positive and/or negative vars, The power triangle and power factor, Combined R, XL, and Xc circuits, The impedance triangle and voltage triangle, Power factor correction, The effect of transmission line inductance on voltage drop, The development of a power angle across a transmission line due to line inductance, Three phase power generation, The application of a common neutral conductor, A balanced three phase load with no neutral conductor, Voltage and current characteristics of the Wye and delta connections, The calculation of three-phase power, Current and voltage relationships between primary and secondary of a Delta/Wye connected transformer.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7505 - Power Dispatching

The objective of this course is to present and discuss the various factors which must be taken into consideration when dispatching generation. Although most of the technical factors will remain after deregulation, it is probable that some aspects of dispatching will change to accommodate the competitive market for generation. This subject will be dealt with later in the program. After completion of this course and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work activities. The function of generation dispatch, i.e. to have sufficient generating capacity on-line at all times to meet the load demand, plus system losses, plus reserve capacity for emergencies make up of the power system, i.e. power pools and interconnected control areas. Major elements of a control area, Preparation of the daily generation schedule based on the load forecast, Spinning reserve requirements, Short term and long term stand-by reserve capacity, Short term and long term availability of generation units, Alternate sources of generation available to the control area, The availability of power for purchase from independent power producers or neighboring utilities, Factors affecting the order of dispatching generators, i.e. cost, location, prime mover characteristics, Characteristics of base load units, Characteristics of variable load machines, Characteristics of peaking units, Characteristics of regulating units (i.e. frequency control), Typical limitations to be observed when bringing generators on-line, Economic dispatch based upon comparison of generation costs from different units. Components of generation cost, i.e. start-up, shutdown, no-load running cost, and incremental cost with load, The dispatch calculation program, Marginal cost at different times of the day, The dispatch of hydropower based on marginal costing (i.e. displacement of high priced thermal power), Hydro dispatch based upon control of water releases, Dispatch of pumped storage power, Economy interchange between neighboring utilities, Spot price for economy power, Inadvertent interchange and arrangements for compensating power flow, The effects of transmission system configuration on generation dispatch, The effect of generation location on system energy losses, The power transfer equation (power angle increases with increased power transfer), Instability due to excessive power angle, Restrictions placed upon generation dispatch due to excessive power angle, Availability of computer programs to assist the load dispatcher.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7504 - System Frequency and Tie-Line Control

The fourth course in the Transmission System Operation training program shows how frequency and tie-line flows between control areas are controlled. We begin by developing the concepts of an AC interconnection and synchronizing forces. Frequency deviations come about when unbalances develop between generation and load and these deviations are controlled by the combined action of speed governors and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) aided by the natural change in load as frequency changes. We describe how tie-line flows also change when generation to load imbalances occur. Finally, this course discusses Area Control Error (ACE), the fundamental input to AGC, and how it provides the intelligence required to restore generation to load unbalances. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to: Know what constitutes an AC interconnection, Identify the interconnection within which your facilities are located, Know at what frequency your interconnection operates, Explain why frequency is the same throughout an AC interconnection, Explain the role of transmission lines in maintaining synchronism, Know what causes frequency to deviate from nominal, Tell whether generation or load is changed to control frequency, Know what a speed governor is and what it does, Tell how the size of an interconnection affects frequency deviations, Know what limits are imposed on frequency excursions and why, Know why it is important to control tie-line flow, Know why the type of generating unit affects its speed of response to frequency changes, Explain the relationship between generation rotational speed and frequency, Understand that speed governors act as proportional controls, Describe what is meant by governor droop, Describe the units used for droop, Know that governors work to control both decreasing and increasing frequency, Understand why governor droop permits load sharing between generating units, Tell what are typical droop settings for various types of generating units, Understand why many classes of generating units do not participate in frequency control, Be able to describe the basic characteristics of the example system used, Total capacity, capacity under governor control and total load, Composite droop characteristic, Tell what happens to frequency under governor control only when an 800 MW unit trips off, Describe what is meant by the Load Effect, Describe what is meant by the Frequency Response Characteristic, Beta, Tell what happens to frequency under the influence of Beta when an 800 MW unit trips off, Be able to calculate how much generation is picked up and how much load is lost for a given drop in frequency, Understand why frequency does not drop instantly when a generation/load mismatch occurs, Be able to identify points A, B and C on a frequency chart taken while a generating unit tripped off line, Be able to compute the net tie-line flow following loss of generation within a control area, Understand how AGC assists system operators, Know how frequently AGC application software is run, typically, Be able to describe Area Control Error and how it is calculated, Know what is the Frequency Bias Coefficient, B, and how it relates to Beta, Be able to compute ACE given frequency deviation, net tie deviation and B, Know how to find the frequency stabilization point, Describe functions that AGC can perform other than responding to generation loss, Know why AGC is suspended when large frequency deviations occur.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7503 - System Voltage Control

This third course in the Transmission System Operation training program develops the principles of voltage control on the transmission network. The material builds upon discussions of power flow fundamentals and transmission line characteristics from the two previous courses. We begin by describing the system's need for reactive power (VARs) and how VARs are generated and/or absorbed by the various components of the power system. Next it is demonstrated that the flow of VARs has a profound effect on voltage level (much more so than the flow of Watts). Transmission line MW loading and its effect on VAR requirements and voltage are also examined, as well as the effect of contingencies. Various real-life scenarios are described in which power systems have collapsed from significant off-nominal voltage. Finally, this course discusses a wide array of equipment and methods system operators can use to effectively control transmission voltages to comply with industry Standards. At the completion of this course, you should be able to: Name the two distinct types of power produced at the generators when load is connected, Explain the basic difference in function between Watts and VARs, and why both types of power are necessary to make electrical equipment work, Sketch and compare curves for power in a purely inductive circuit and power in a purely capacitive circuit, Recognize the difference between positive VARs and negative VARs, Name 3 power system components that create a demand for VARs, Name 3 power system components that supply VARs to the system, Describe what it means for some components to 'compensate' for others, Explain how MW and MVARs are produced in an electric generator, Recognize that a change in generator voltage or MVAR supply must come from a change in the unit's DC excitation current, Discuss the function of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), Predict the response of the AVR to an increase or decrease in MVAR demand on the system, Recognize that it takes a difference in voltage magnitude to drive MVARs through the system, and that the direction of MVAR flow is from high to low voltage, Discuss the function of a synchronous condenser and a static VAR compensator, Explain why a transmission line can be either a MVAR source or a MVAR load, Describe the effect of MVAR flow on voltage drop. Compare to the voltage drop resulting from the flow of MW, Name 3 events that can have a profound effect on MVAR flows and voltage level, Explain what happens to the MVARs required by a transmission line as MW loading is increased, State the significance of a line's surge impedance loading (SIL), Understand why it is important to have adequate MVAR sources located at intermediate points in the network, especially during contingencies, Sketch the voltage profile along a transmission line operating above SIL, with voltage at both ends fixed at 100%. Compare with the voltage profile below and at SIL, Explain why MVAR supply from a line's capacitance drops off sharply at loadings above SIL, Name some typical loading levels for transmission lines in percent of SIL, Sketch a typical transfer limit curve (P vs. V) and explain the significance of the knee of the curve, Explain why line loadings must be restricted to well below the knee of the transfer limit curve, State the industry (NERC) limit for percent voltage change following any single contingency, Give examples of system conditions and events that may lead to voltage collapse. Explain why it is important for system operators to prepare in advance for voltage emergencies, Describe how operators can adjust voltage/MVAR supply at the generating units, Understand why AVR set points must be raised/lowered in unison to effect a net change in voltage/MVAR supply, Sketch a typical generator capability curve and discuss the MW and lagging/leading MVAR limitations, Describe the function and operation of Maximum and Minimum Excitation Limiters on generating units, List some power system components that allow operators to adjust voltage/MVAR supply at locations other than generating plants, Discuss the reactive overload capability of generators, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators, Describe some typical applications for shunt reactor and capacitor banks on the transmission system, Explain how a series capacitor can be of assistance in voltage control, Understand the function and operation of Load Tap Changing Transformers (LTCs) in providing voltage correction on the transmission and distribution systems, Discuss the importance of operator actions in implementing voltage control: curtailing economy transfers, bringing on local generation, bringing on reactive sources ahead of the morning load rise, removing lines during light load, etc.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7508 - System Restoration

The earlier courses in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system when it is operating in its normal state. The previous course extends that knowledge into some of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described. This course extends that discussion to the situation where the system or a part of it collapses and the possibilities for system restoration. At the end of this course you should be able to: List 3 critical parameters to be determined after a major system upset, Describe the importance of communications, List 3 items of circuit breaker status, List 3 events which can cause the breakers to open, Describe how cold weather affects breakers, Suggest alternatives possible if a control center is blacked out, List 3 reasons to sectionalize a blacked out system, List 3 things to be done before intentionally separating from a system that is descending into a blackout, Describe the procedure for reenergizing a blacked out system from a neighboring healthy system, Describe the procedures for connecting generation and load, Describe the requirement for re-establishing direct current connections, Describe how to establish a power source within a blacked out system, Describe how to pick up load and transmission from a power source within a blacked out system, Understand the black start characteristics of different types of power plants. List the minimum requirements for standby power at a fossil steam plant, Explain why nuclear plants are not suitable for black start, Describe the characteristics of heating and lighting loads, Describe the characteristics of motor loads, Describe the characteristics of thermostatically controlled loads, Draw the curve of current vs. time for a reconnected feeder, List 4 ways that the inrush on a re-energized feeder can be reduced, Describe the precautions required when starting synchronous condensers after a blackout, Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to start a synchronous condenser, Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to pick up a block of load, Prioritize feeders for pick-up, List 4 things to be considered when picking up load, Draw a re-energization route map for a part of a system, Describe how lines may trip out again if oscillations occur, List 6 ways of reducing oscillations when rebuilding the system, Describe the precautions necessary when synchronizing islands, Explain how to control frequency when picking up loads, Describe how to prepare a system which will be islanded deliberately, List the limitations of fossil fired steam plants in islanded operation, Describe the operation of nuclear units in an island, Recognize the different perspective of independent power producers, List allowable normal and emergency voltage deviations, Describe how reactors and load current can be used to reduce the voltage rise on transmission lines, Describe why cables have a much greater voltage rise than overhead lines, Describe how parallel and series ferroresonance occurs, Draw typical wave forms of a system experiencing ferroresonance, Explain how a trapped charge can cause high voltage on a transmission line, List 4 communication media which could be used for system control, Estimate how long to wait before starting to pick up lines in the absence of any communications, List 2 tests which can be performed without disrupting customers, Describe how restoration Simulations could be carried out, List 10 training priorities suggested by NERC, List the classes of disturbances which must be reported to the Department of Energy in the United States, Define the 3 disturbance severity levels used by CIGRE, List the 9 initiating causes used by CIGRE, Recognize the importance of gathering post disturbance information.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7509 - Monitoring and Control Communications

The objective of this course is to look at different modes of communication that are employed in operation of the transmission system. Communication applications are demonstrated with particular emphasis upon the SCADA system as employed for system operation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7507 - Operating Under Abnormal Conditions

The previous courses in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system when it is operating in its normal state. This course extends that knowledge into some of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described. At the end of this course you should be able to: Define the boundaries of normal operation, List events that can move the system into an abnormal condition, List five conditions that describe abnormal conditions, List three characteristics of the emergency state, Draw a diagram showing the interrelation of the different states on the power system, Understand the information shown on a control center dynamic wall map, Describe the interrelation of system operators, regional operators, and plant operators, List seven probable events against which systems are tested to ensure their ability to survive contingencies, List eight events that should be simulated to investigate how the system will behave under abnormal conditions, Recognize the limitations of capacitor banks and generators to supply reactive power when the system voltage is declining, Describe the relation between energy consumption and supply in a small part of a large interconnected system, Understand how interconnections reduce the need for generation reserves. Describe how economy interchanges are made, Recognize how heavy economic interchanges on one interface can restrict the emergency support on other interfaces, List seven strategies to prevent a system in the alert state from dropping into the emergency or blackout state, Describe the use of a phase shifting transformer, Understand the reasons for putting tie-line tripping relays on interconnections and the limitations that they can impose, Describe how a part of the system can lose synchronism with the remainder of the system, Write the equation for the maximum amount of power that can be transferred across a transmission line, Understand why a relay can think that a line is faulted when the voltage vectors across the line are 180 degrees out of phase, Recognize the main parts of a hydro-electric governor, Describe the use of a dashpot bypass on a hydro-electric governor and the problems that can arise if the dashpot is bypassed when it is in an island, Understand the difference between the temporary droop and the permanent droop on a hydro-electric governor, Recognize the limitations imposed on hydro-electric machines by the finite amount of high pressure hydraulic oil, Understand why auxiliary governors are sometimes fitted to steam turbines, Recognize how auxiliary governors destabilize islands where they control the dominant generators, Describe how turbine blade resonances limit the under frequency operation of steam turbines, Explain the difference between under frequency relaying and frequency trend relaying, Recognize the water flow disturbances that can be caused by islanded operation and the restrictions to the operation of islanded hydro-electric plants, Describe why a steam turbine may have a short burst of energy at the start of an island but then have its power output decay, Recognize the need for load-frequency control in areas prone to islanding, List typical maximum and minimum voltages, Describe the Ferranti effect on lightly loaded lines, List six voltage collapse situations, List four causes of voltage collapse, Understand why switching capacitors may not arrest a voltage collapse, List the stages of a voltage collapse, Describe how switched reactors can be used to prevent a voltage collapse, Describe the effect of a geomagnetic storm on transformers, State the return period for geomagnetic storms.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7506 - System Security

System Security is the focus of this 6th course in the Transmission System Operation training program. The concept of operating security is developed as the ability of a power system to withstand or limit the adverse effects of any credible contingency, including: overload beyond emergency rating excessive or inadequate voltage, loss of stability, or abnormal frequency deviation. This course begins with a discussion of the nature of large synchronous interconnections, and how AC power flows within such a network. It is demonstrated that, each time a large unit trips in an interconnected system, there is an inrush of power into the affected area that could seriously overload the transmission system. The operator's role of assuring that line loadings remain within pre-established limits is discussed, as well as the concept of transmission line loadability. Line loadability is analyzed from the standpoint of three major limits that can restrict the flow of MW across a given transmission corridor: the thermal limit, the voltage drop limit, and the stability limit. Loading limitations of other transmission equipment is described as well, including cable and transformer loading. This material then proceeds to give an overview of security monitoring in the control room, with the help of SCADA and EMS systems, on-line power flows and contingency analysis, and dynamic security monitoring. Finally, techniques for improving system security are presented, including the role of Security Coordinators, the exchange of security data, loading relief options, preservation of operating reserve, and emergency methods. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to: Explain what is meant by operating security, State and discuss two major reasons why individual companies or areas choose to interconnect their power systems, Name the four North American Interconnections, Describe what is meant by a 'control area', Explain what happens to tie-line flow in the first 10 to 20 seconds following a large unit trip in an interconnection, Understand the effect of a capacity emergency on the security of the interconnection, Discuss the problems that may be associated with loop flow and parallel flow during normal operating conditions, State the three main factors that determine a transmission line's loadability, Give examples of continuous, long-term emergency and short-term emergency thermal ratings for a transmission line, Describe the consequences of operating a transmission line above its emergency thermal rating, Explain how 'on-line', or 'dynamic' thermal ratings are used to increase line loadability, Understand the effect of increased MW loading on the reactive requirements of a transmission line and, consequently, on voltage drop, State applicable industry Standards for maximum permissible voltage drop following credible contingencies, Explain what is meant by the 'steady-state stability limit' across a given transmission path. Give the expression for steady state stability limit in terms of voltage and reactance, Describe the consequences of loss of synchronism on the transmission network, Sketch a typical power angle curve and compare it to the curve that would result if one or more parallel circuits trip, Sketch a typical line loadability curve for transmission lines of different lengths. Explain what the overriding limit is for short lines vs. long lines, Describe the effect of compensation on line loadability, Name other transmission equipment (besides overhead lines) that may be the limiting factor in determining how much power can be transmitted across a given path, Discuss the thermal and charging limitations of high voltage (transmission-level) underground cables, Explain the thermal capability of power transformers, as well as cooling methods that are employed to increase MVA rating, State a typical transformer overload magnitude, duration, and expected loss of life, based on established loading guides for power transformers, Describe how SCADA/EMS systems help operators to continuously monitor the security of the power network, Give examples of software tools (incorporated into an EMS) that alert operators to actual and predicted security problems on the network, Explain what is meant by dynamic security assessment (DSA), Discuss the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and its mission in preserving security in the 4 North American Interconnections, Understand the role of Security Coordinators in the North American Interconnections, List several examples of operating security data that must be provided and updated by each control area every 10 minutes, Give 3 examples of loading relief methods that may be undertaken and supervised by Security Coordinators, Explain how FACTS devices can dynamically control the flow of power over specific transmission circuits, Describe the purpose and operation of a phase angle regulator (PAR), Explain what is meant by 'operating reserve', and state what portion of this reserve must be spinning. List examples of what can be included in 'non-spinning' reserve, Give examples of typical operating reserve practices, Describe 2 emergency measures for dealing with a capacity emergency.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS: CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=4.00

7517 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Aspects of System Operations

This module deals with aspects of NERC TOP and VAR Standards of control area transmission, operations, coordination and voltage and reactive control. This module will include information on NERC EOP Standards concerning emergency operations with specific reference to TOP-002 concerning the planning requirements for emergency operations and transmissions operations. , This module emphasizes the importance of reviewing each NERC Standard with the addition that particular attention be given to a review of those NERC Standards covered in each segment of the module.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 4,  

7514 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Interconnection Operation

The objective of "System Control" is to bring about an orderly flow of power from the generating source to the load (power consumer) while maintaining the utmost level of safety, reliability and stability throughout the system. This course discusses the requirements and procedures of "System Control" and the relationships of these requirements and procedures to applicable NERC Standards.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

NERC CE HOURS:

CE HOURS = 4.00
OPS TOPICS=4.00
STANDARDS=4.00
SIMULATION=0.00
EO=0.00
"360training.com, Inc. has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by NCEES or RCEP."

7518 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Power System Transactions and Coordination

This module stresses information dealing with a number of issues related to the transfer of energy on the power system as well as the background necessary to fully understand interchange schedules that result from transaction tags established by PSEs. , During the latter portions of the course, you will review the provisions of NERC Standard IRO-004 which deals with planning for system operation during both normal and emergency conditions and during system restoration. Finally, you will review NERC's requirements for reliability coordinators as set out in Standard EOP-006.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 0

7511 - The Effects of Deregulation on System Operation

The objective of this course is to look at the aims of deregulation, and the consequent changes being introduced into transmission system control and operation. Subsequent courses present and discuss specific rules, and procedures required to implement deregulation.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7515 - Transmission Operations 101 - Monitor, Assess and Respond

As a transmission grid system operator you are expected to make assessments and to comprehend the status and analog data for which electrical calculations are essential. While our SCADA and EMS applications provide most of the data, it is important to understand how basic electrical quantities are derived. Given that conditions vary, it is important to grasp the implications of differing data sets and contingencies. For instance, a trainee will be expected to identify how ACE impacts a controlled response given AGC generation and BA interconnectivity, and how high voltage and reactive control may affect system reliability. The trainee must be able to list the components that generate negative and positive reactive power, master best choice responses to various conditional situations, and demonstrate how to respond to overloaded systems.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 2.00 OPS TOPICS=2.00 STANDARDS=1.00 SIMULATION=1.00 EO=0.00

7512 - Power Dispatch Under Deregulation

The objective of this course is to focus attention on the factors that must be considered when dispatching energy and ancillary services under competitive market conditions. Procedures are indicated for a typical ISO, noting that detailed methodology will vary with different locations.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7510 - Transmission System Protection

The objective of this course is to examine the function of protection schemes from the point of view of the transmission system operator. Details of the major types of protection relays are discussed with the emphasis on function rather than mechanical construction.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7513 - Transmission Control

In the late 1990s the electrical power industry is going through a rapid period of change. The opening of the transmission systems to competition among generators and the splitting of vertically integrated utilities have changed the structure of the industry. The widespread blackout in northeastern North America in 1965 provided a great impetus for cooperation among utilities. With the advent of competition this has been replaced by the need for confidentiality. In this course we examine some of the implications for transmission system control brought about by these changes.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE HOURS = 4.00 OPS Topics=4.00 Standards=0.00 Simulation=0.00 EO=0.00

7516 - Controlling to NERC Standards: Generation Control and Performance

This course covers aspects of generation control and performance are discussed throughout the course through the application of relevant NERC Standards pertaining to specific aspects of system control.

If you are taking this course for NERC credit, the following credits will be reported.

CE Hours: 4, OPS Topics: 4, Standards: 4, Simulation: 0, EO: 4

7808 Power Plant Control

This course will present and discuss the factors involved in power plant control, including: 1. Adjustment of active power and reactive power output. 2. Adjustment of the primer mover and auxiliary systems to meet the power output requirement. 3. Types of plant automatic control systems.

2507 Gas Turbine Major Maintenance

The objective of this course is to draw attention to inspection requirements, which are similar for most types of gas turbines although mechanical details may be different.

2705 Turbine Monitoring and Control

The objective of this course is to present and discuss types of equipment used to monitor and control the operation of the hydro turbine. Typical examples of mechanical hydraulic and electro hydraulic actuators are demonstrated plus monitoring and protection devices.

2703 Water Management

The purpose of this course is to present and discuss all of the functions involving the use and control of water in a hydro-electric scheme. The importance of hydrological records is discussed in relation to hydro power plant planning and operation, and reservoir control.

2504 Control and Protection Systems

The objective of this course is to present the features of control and protection systems as used on gas turbine installations. The previous tape GT 3 dealt with operating parameters and potential hazards thus laying the groundwork for study of control and protection devices.

2708 Hydro Plant Auxiliaries

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

2704 Hydro Turbines

The objective of this course is to present and discuss the structural and functional features of different types of hydro turbines. Certain operational considerations are also presented such as cavitation, tailrace elevation, surge, run away speed, etc.

2505 Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines

The objective of this course is to highlight the main features of the aero-derivative type of gas turbine, drawing attention in particular to the difference when compared with the heavier industrial machines.

2710 Hydro Plant Operation and Maintenance

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

7804 Operator Controllable Losses - Boiler

The objective of this course is to discuss how the operator can manipulate the factors affecting boiler efficiency (as discussed in the previous course) in order to achieve the most efficient boiler operation.

2702 Hydro Power Stations

The objective of this course is to introduce the major components of a typical hydro electric power station. A brief overview of each item of equipment is presented noting that detailed study will be shown in subsequent courses in the series. Basic hydraulic principles are also presented as an aid to better understanding of hydro plant operation.

7805 Factors Affecting Turbine Cycle Efficiency

The objective of this course is to present the factors affecting turbine cycle efficiency to increase operators' awareness of these matters and improve their effectiveness in controlling heat rate.

2503 Operation of Gas Turbines

The objective of this course is to present the factors involved in operation of the gas turbine generating unit, including typical procedures for start-up and shut-down of the unit. On-load operation is discussed with particular emphasis on operating hazards and limitation. The course generally focuses on the heavy industrial type gas turbine. Aero-derivatives are discussed in detail in course number five in the series.

2508 Combined Cycle Operation

The objective for this course is to present the main features of the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, as employed for 'Power Generation', and 'Co-Generation' (process steam of gas to industry) The most common types of configurations are presented along with an examination of typical steam turbine arrangements. Operation and control of the combined unit is also discussed in some detail, with the exception of the HRSG which is demonstrated in course 2509.

2501 Gas Turbine Major Components Design & Construction

The objective of this course, the first in the GAS TURBINE series, is to present the main construction and design features of gas turbines as used for power generation. Basic cycles are discussed, and different sizes and machine layouts are presented.

7801 Fundamentals of Power Plant Efficiency I

The objective of this course is to present the basic power plant cycle and the energy conversions that take place throughout the cycle. The effect that various parameters have on the cycle efficiency are also discussed.

2706 The Hydro Generator

The objective of this course is to present and discuss the major constructional features of the hydro generator. A review of AC generation fundamentals is also included, as this is considered necessary for complete understanding.

2701 The Hydro-Electric Role in the Power System

The objective of this course, the first in the Hydro-Electric Power Series, is to give hydro power plant operators and technicians an understanding of the role of hydro-electric power in the overall power system. The characteristics of different types of hydro plants are briefly discussed in relation to their effect on power system operation. An overview of the power system is presented plus a review of the tasks and responsibilities of the power dispatcher and power system operators.

2707 Generator Monitoring and Control

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

2509 Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)

The objective of this course is to continue the discussion on combined cycle installations with particular focus upon the HRSG, and associated condensate and feed systems.

2709 Operation of Electrical Equipment

The objective of this course is to examine, from the operational point of view, the various items of electrical equipment that are commonly installed in the hydro-electric power plant. The course covers switchyard equipment, station service supply, DC power supply, and uninterruptible AC power supply. Safety of personnel and equipment is also discussed.

7807 Balance of Plant Operation

The objective of this course is to present the factors affecting turbine cycle efficiency to increase the operator's awareness and effectiveness in controlling heat rate.

7803 Factors Affecting Boiler Efficiency

The objective of this course is to present the factors affecting boiler efficiency so as to increase the operator's awareness and effectiveness. The corrective operator actions are dealt with in the lesson involving HRO-4.

2502 Gas Turbine Support Systems

The objective of this course is to present and discuss features of the various support systems and auxiliaries that are necessary for operation of the gas turbine. Both ON-BASE and OFF-BASE equipment is studied. Note that the design of the support systems varies according to the size and purpose of the gas turbine unit. Aeroderivative machines are discussed in a separate course.

7802 Fundamentals of Power Plant Efficiency II

The objective of this course is to present the basic power plant cycle and discuss the energy conversions that take place throughout the cycle. The cycle and various efficiency considerations will be shown on two types of heat energy diagrams: the Mollier diagram and the Temperature-Entropy diagram.

7806 Operator Controllable Losses - Turbine Cycle

The objective of this course is to present the actions an operator can take to correct efficiency problems related to the turbine cycle.

2510 Gas Turbine Generator and Electrical Systems

The objective of this course is to draw attention to important operating parameters of the POWER GENERATOR. A review of fundamentals is included as an aid to understanding the significance of generator control.

2506 Gas Turbine Routine Maintenance

The objective of this course is to present the nature and purpose of different modes of maintenance, i.e. running, predictive, and preventive maintenance.

905 Boiler Feed Pumps

This course of the Control Operator Training Program concerns boiler feed pumps.

During this course, you will learn about the function of the boiler feed pump, the major components and flow-path of the boiler feed pumps, the boiler feed pump systems, and other important information related to boiler feed pumps.

Important: Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

Note: In this course we will be using motors as the driving element of the feed pump, but turbines are also employed in many plants.

909 Air Pollution Control System

This course contains information pertaining to the Air Pollution Control System, which is an important component of the Control Operator Training Program.

During this course, you will be introduced to the System through a series of lessons describing the inner workings of a typical Air Pollution Control System and its associated controls.

Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

908 Boiler Fuel System

This course contains information about the boiler fuel system. A typical boiler fuel system and its associated controls are described in this course.

In this course, you will study important topics related to the boiler fuel system such as its function, flow path, major components, component controls, and status indicators.

Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment

914 Abnormal Plant Conditions

This course contains information about the Abnormal Plant Conditions System. Within this course, several critical abnormal plant conditions and associated responses are described.

This course addresses the hierarchy of alarms as well as the following topics:

• How to identify process equipment, Foxboro System Alarms, and alarm status
• How to interpret and print an alarm list
• How to respond appropriately to alarms
• How to respond appropriately to the loss of a condensate pump
• How to respond appropriately to the loss of a feed-water pump
• How to respond appropriately to the loss of a fan pair
• How to respond appropriately to high vibration in turbines
• How to respond appropriately to turbine thermal stress limiting (+)
• How to respond appropriately to turbine thermal stress limiting (-)

904 Feedwater System

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

901 Plant Control System

This course provides a general overview of some basic knowledge sets that are essential for a solid understanding of plant control systems.

In this course you will become familiar with typical Distributed Control Systems (DCS) capabilities.

You will also learn how to apply your DCS knowledge to understanding how power plant processes are accessed and controlled using DCS controllers.

902 Circulating Water System

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

903 Condensate System

An important component of the Control Operator Training Program is a thorough understanding of the Condensate System.

During this course, you will be introduced to the Condensate System through a series of lessons describing the inner workings of the Condensate System from system building blocks (individual components) to the full operation of the system.

Always review specific plant startup and operating procedures for proper operation of system and equipment.

906 Boiler Water and Steam System

The objective of this course is to present and discuss supervision of the hydro generator including control, monitoring, and protection. Included is a review of the significance of active and reactive power output from the generator.

907 Combustion Air and Flue Gas System

This course contains information pertaining to the combustion air and flue gas system.

During this course, you will be introduced to the combustion air and flue gas system through a series of lessons describing the inner workings of a typical combustion air and flue gas system and its associated controls.

Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

910 Turbine and Auxiliaries System

This course provides a general overview of some very important basic knowledge sets necessary for a solid understanding of plant control systems.

This course contains information pertaining to the Turbine and Auxiliaries System. A typical Turbine and Auxiliaries System and its associated controls are described within this course.

Always review specific plant startup and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

911 Generator and Auxiliaries System Operation and Control

This course covers the functions and controls associated with the generator and auxiliaries system, which is an important factor in your total comprehension of the Control Operator Training Program. This course will guide you through the basics of the generator and auxiliaries system, the various components, their functions as a part of the whole system, and the controls associated with them. Also, your comprehension of these components will be occasionally tested, with a comprehensive final at the end of the course.

Important: Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

912 Unit Integrated Startup and Shutdown

This course contains information pertaining to unit-integrated start-up and shutdown. A typical boiler, turbine, and generator system are used as the models for this course.

Topics covered include the following:

• Pre-start checklist and precautions, limitations, and setpoints
• Performing complete unit start-up
• Troubleshooting unit-integrated operation systems and components during normal operation
• Pre-shutdown checklist
• Performing complete unit shutdown
• Performing unit system valve line-ups

Important: Always review specific plant start-up and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

913 Efficient, Reliable and Environmentally Sensitive Operations

This course provides a general overview of some very important basic knowledge sets necessary for a solid understanding of plant control systems.

This course contains information pertaining to the Turbine and Auxiliaries System. A typical Turbine and Auxiliaries System and its associated controls are described within this course.

Always review specific plant startup and operating procedures for proper operation of systems and equipment.

915 Heat Rate Improvement

An important component of the Control Operator Training Program is a thorough understanding of heat rate improvement.

During this course, you will be introduced to the heat losses and loss correction/improvement for the following major system components:

• Boiler
• Turbine (using heat balance and turbine performance curves)
• Heat exchangers
• Cooling tower

This course takes you through a series of lessons discussing the functions of the boiler, turbine, heat exchangers, and cooling tower, as well as their major components and component controls. Once you are familiar with each of these components, your knowledge of the heat rate improvement system will be further developed through a discussion on how the system components and process controls come together to improve heat rate by correcting and improving heat losses.